Nootropics

The compounds grouped here share a research history rather than a mechanism. Most were synthesised during the 1970s–1990s search for cognition-modifying agents, and the literature that survives is a mix of rodent behavioural work, receptor-binding studies and small clinical trials run to standards that would not pass review today.

Note. Read the primary literature on these compounds with the publication date in mind. Several of the most-cited results come from trials with no placebo arm, no blinding, or fewer than thirty subjects.

Compound	CAS	Molecular weight	Primary target
Oxiracetam	62613-82-5	158.16 g/mol	AMPA receptor modulation; cholinergic and glutamatergic systems
Aniracetam	72432-10-1	219.24 g/mol	AMPA receptor (positive allosteric modulator)
Pramiracetam	68497-62-1	269.38 g/mol	High-affinity choline uptake; cholinergic system
IDRA-21	22503-72-6	232.69 g/mol	AMPA receptor (positive allosteric modulator)

Catalogue

Compound specifications

Racetam, 2-pyrrolidinone derivative

Oxiracetam

ISF-2522

A hydroxylated piracetam analogue studied for cholinergic and glutamatergic effects in learning models.

Specification

Racetam, anisoyl-pyrrolidinone

Aniracetam

Ro 13-5057

A fat-soluble racetam characterised as an AMPA receptor desensitisation modulator.

Specification

Racetam, diisopropylaminoethyl amide

Pramiracetam

CI-879

A lipophilic racetam studied for effects on high-affinity choline uptake in hippocampal tissue.

Specification

Benzothiadiazide ampakine

IDRA-21

7-chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine S,S-dioxide

A benzothiadiazide ampakine used as a reference AMPA receptor modulator in electrophysiology.

Specification

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